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Countdown: November 9
In the college entrance examination for transfer students, computer science is a subject that is easy to grasp. Its review methods are similar to those of liberal arts. To successfully pass the computer exam for transfer students, the key is to “memorize”.
The editor has compiled the 2022 key knowledge points for computer exam preparation for transfer students. Those preparing for the 2023 transfer exam should take a careful look ↓
Key Points to Remember for Computer Exams for Transfer Students
Answer
1. The symbolization of information is data, so data is the specific representation of information, while information is the logical meaning abstracted from data.
2. Information technology refers to the relevant technologies that people use to acquire, store, transmit, process, develop, and utilize information resources.
3. The core of culture is: concepts and values.
4. Computer culture is one of the four milestones in the development of human culture (the first three are: the emergence of language, the use of writing, and the invention of printing).
5. The characteristics of computers are: 1) fast computation speed 2) large storage capacity 3) strong versatility 4) automation 5) high precision.
6. Word length is the actual number of bits that a computer can process at one time, and it is an important indicator of computing performance.
7. Word length refers to the number of binary data bits that the computer’s arithmetic unit can process simultaneously, which is closely related to the computer’s functions and uses.
8. Character encoding is mainly ASCII code, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
9. When representing Chinese characters internally in a computer, the highest bit of the two bytes of the exchange code (national standard code) is changed to 1, referred to as “internal code”.
10. There are usually two methods for recording the shapes of Chinese characters: dot matrix method and vector method, corresponding to two types of character encoding: dot matrix code and vector code.
11. A 16×16 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 32 bytes, while a 32×32 dot matrix character occupies 128 bytes, and dot matrix codes are difficult to scale and prone to distortion.
12. Chinese character input codes can be divided into four types: sequential code, phonetic code, shape code, and combined phonetic and shape code. Full Pinyin input method, Smart ABC, and Microsoft Pinyin are phonetic codes, while Wubi input method is a shape code. Phonetic codes have many duplicates and slow input speed; shape codes have fewer duplicates and faster input speed, but are more difficult to learn and master. Currently, Smart ABC, Microsoft Pinyin, Ziguang Pinyin input method, and Sogou input method are the mainstream Chinese character input methods.
13. A computer system consists of hardware and software systems, with the software system further divided into system software and application software, among which the operating system is the most important system software.
14. A computer without any software configured is called bare metal.
15. Common input devices include: mouse, keyboard, scanner, digitizer, digital camera, barcode reader, digital camera, A/D converter, etc.
16. The controller and arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is the core component of the computer.
17. The most commonly used output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers, as well as plotters and various D/A converters.
18. From the perspective of information input and output, disk drives and tape drives can be considered both input and output devices.
19. An instruction is a command that directs the computer to perform a certain operation, consisting of a string of binary codes that include an operation code and an address code.
20. A computer has many instructions, each serving different purposes. The collection of all instructions is called the computer instruction set. Different computer systems have different instruction sets, with common instruction sets being Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC).
21. Software refers to the totality of programs, data, and related documentation required for the operation of a computer. Data is the object of program processing, and documentation is the information related to the development, maintenance, and use of the program.
22. System software is the layer of software closest to the hardware in a computer system, mainly including operating systems, language processors, database management systems, and supporting service software.
23. An operating system (OS) is a collection of systematic programs that control and manage computer resources, serving as an interface between users and the computer hardware system, providing a bridge for users and application software to access and control computer hardware.
24. Algorithm: its main properties are: ① finiteness; ② definiteness; ③ feasibility; ④ input/output.
25. The operating system is a large management control program that includes five management functions: processor management, storage management, device management, file management, and job management.
26. Operating systems can be classified into three basic types: 1) batch processing systems; 2) time-sharing systems; 3) real-time systems.
27. With the development of computer science, many types of operating systems have emerged, mainly including embedded operating systems, personal operating systems, network operating systems, and distributed operating systems.
28. Batch processing operating systems work by having users submit jobs to system operators, who then group many users’ jobs into a batch, inputting them into the computer, forming an automatic continuous job flow in the system, and then starting the operating system to automatically execute each job in sequence, with the results returned to users by the operator.
29. Time-sharing operating systems work by connecting a mainframe to several terminals, each with a user. Users interactively issue command requests to the system, which accepts each user’s command, processes service requests in a time-slice round-robin manner, and displays results to users on the terminal.
30. Real-time operating systems are those that enable computers to respond promptly to external event requests and complete processing of those events within strict time limits, coordinating all real-time devices and tasks to work in harmony.
31. Embedded operating systems run in embedded system environments, coordinating, scheduling, directing, and controlling the entire embedded system and the various components and devices it operates.
32. Based on the number of users using the computer at the same time, operating systems can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems.
33. A single-user operating system allows only one user to use the computer at the same time, with that user having exclusive access to all hardware and software resources. If multiple users are allowed to use the computer simultaneously, it is called a multi-user operating system.
34. If users can run multiple applications at the same time (each application is called a task), the operating system is called a multitasking operating system. If users can only run one application at a time, the corresponding operating system is called a single-task operating system.
35. Early DOS operating systems were single-user single-task operating systems, while Windows 7 is a single-user multitasking operating system.
36. Network operating systems are based on computer networks and are software developed on various computer operating systems according to network architecture, protocols, and standards, including network management, communication, security, resource sharing, and various network applications, aiming for mutual communication and resource sharing.
37. A large number of computers connected through a network can achieve extremely high computing power and extensive data sharing, and this system is called a distributed system.
38. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface, operating and managing through command line, which is very inconvenient and requires users to memorize a large number of DOS commands.
39. The Unix operating system is a general-purpose, interactive time-sharing operating system.
40. The Mac OS operating system is developed by Apple Inc. and runs on Macintosh computers. Mac OS is the pioneer of fully graphical interfaces and operating methods.
41. Windows XP is currently most popular in its Home and Professional editions.
42. A shortcut is a file with the extension .lnk, usually associated with an application or document.
43. The minimum system requirements for Windows are: (1) Recommended processor clock frequency of 300 MHz or higher, at least 233 MHz (for single or dual-processor systems), recommended Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series, or compatible processors; (2) Recommended 128 MB RAM or higher (minimum support 64M, which may affect performance and some functions); (3) 1.5GB of available hard disk space; (4) Super VGA (800×600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor; (5) CD-ROM or DVD drive; (6) Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.
44. Windows windows are highly unified in appearance, style, and operation. (1) Border (2) Title bar (3) Menu bar (4) Toolbar (5) Status bar (6) Document view (7) Scroll bar.
45. Modal dialog boxes refer to those that prevent the main program window from being processed while they are open, and the main window can only be processed after closing the dialog box.
46. Non-modal dialog boxes are those that allow the main window to be processed even while the dialog box is displayed.
47. A file is a collection of related information stored on external storage.
48. A file can store a program, an article, a piece of music, a picture, etc.
49. Certain symbols such as /, \, *, ?, <, >, | are not allowed in file names.
50. The main file name should relate to the content of the file, with the extension used to distinguish the type of file, hence the extension is also called the type name.
51. At any given moment, only one node can be in an open state, and when a node is open, its name will turn blue, and some node icons may also change accordingly.
52. The excellent features of Windows are attributed to the adoption of the advanced Unicode character set. The Unicode character set is a 16-bit character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium.
53. The right side of the console lists user accounts on the computer, with Administrator and Guest accounts automatically created during Windows installation, allowing for management during the first login.
54. To prevent unauthorized users from attempting to log in as Administrator, the Administrator account can be renamed but not deleted.
55. The Guest account can be disabled or renamed by the administrator for security, but cannot be deleted.
56. The Paint program is a simple drawing tool that allows users to create black and white or color graphics, which can be saved as bitmap files (.bmp), printed, used as desktop backgrounds, or pasted into another document, and can also be used to view and edit scanned photos.
57. WordPad and Notepad are two text processing programs included with Windows 7, both providing basic text editing functions.
58. WordPad has stronger functionality, allowing users to create and edit formatted files, with an interface and usage similar to Word.
59. Notepad is a text file editor that allows users to edit simple documents or create web pages. Using Notepad is very simple, as it edits text files, making it very convenient for editing source programs in high-level languages.
60. In the 1980s, widely used word processing systems included WPS, table editing software CCED, and document editing systems like Word Star.
61. Layout design is an important task that includes page setup, page numbering, column layout, header and footer settings, etc.
62. Microsoft Office has seven commonly used components for daily office tasks: Word (word processing software), Excel (spreadsheet software), PowerPoint (presentation software), Access (database management software), InfoPath (dynamic form software), Outlook (email management software), and Publisher (desktop publishing software).
63. The title bar is located at the top of the window, defaulting to blue. It contains the application name, document name, and control buttons.
64. The toolbar can be shown or hidden by right-clicking on any position of the toolbar or tab and selecting the desired toolbar from the pop-up shortcut menu.
65. The task pane can be invoked through “Page Layout” – “Task Pane”.
66. The ruler has both horizontal and vertical types, used to determine the position of the document on the screen and paper. The horizontal ruler’s indent buttons can also be used for paragraph indentation and margin adjustments. Tab stops can also be set using the tab markers on the ruler.
67. The status bar is located at the bottom of the window, displaying the current status of the form, such as the current page number, section number, current page and total pages, cursor insertion point position, overwrite/insert status, and the current language in use.
68. Common methods to start Word 2010 include: (1) Click “Start” → “Programs” → “Microsoft Office” → “Microsoft Office Word 2010”. (2) Double-click the Word shortcut icon on the desktop. (3) Double-click an established Word document.
69. Common methods to exit Word 2010 include: (1) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the Word window. (2) Click the “Exit” command in the “File” menu. (3) Double-click the control icon in the upper left corner of the Word window or use the shortcut key Alt+F4.
70. Click the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, then click the “Save” tab in the pop-up dialog, check the “AutoSave time interval” checkbox, and set the auto-save time interval to edit your work with peace of mind.
71. To open a document: (1) Click the “Open” command in the “File” tab (2) Click the “Open” tool button on the common toolbar (3) Use the Ctrl+O shortcut key. (4) Click one of the last four documents usually listed under the “File” tab (to set the number of documents listed under the “File” menu, select the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, click the “General” tab, and set the number in the “List recently used files” text box).
72. To create a new blank document: (1) Directly click the “New” button on the common toolbar. (2) Use the Ctrl+N shortcut key.
73. To close a document: (1) Click the “Close” command in the “File” menu to close the currently edited document. (2) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the document window to close the currently edited document.
74. Using keyboard commands or shortcut keys: Pressing the Home and End keys can quickly move the insertion point to the beginning or end of the document; pressing Ctrl+Home and Ctrl+End can quickly move the insertion point to the start and end of the document.
75. Word provides two input states: “Insert” and “Overwrite”. The “Insert” state means that the text typed will be inserted at the current cursor position, pushing the text after the cursor forward; the “Overwrite” state means that the text typed will overwrite the text after the cursor in sequence.
End
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