Source: Fresh Date Classroom Original Author: Little Date Jun This article mainly introduces the process of chip manufacturing. Oxidation First, on the wafers that have been cut and polished, we need to perform an oxidation step. The purpose of oxidation is to form a protective film (oxide layer) on the fragile surface of the wafer. … Read more
The following are the general steps and example code for simulating UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) communication using timers and external interrupts (taking STM32 as an example, using C language). This method can achieve basic UART communication functionality through software simulation without hardware UART peripherals or when additional UART features are required. #include “stm32f10x.h” // Define … Read more
I often use ZYNQ, and I access FPGA registers through Linux. Recently, I experimented with the Xilinx XC7K325 development board KC705, which is a pure FPGA without ARM. So how do we access FPGA registers? I2C transmits one byte and responds each time, without the need for an additional feedback mechanism; SPI sends and receives … Read more
Introduction The development of UART has matured significantly, and it is generally sufficient to directly port the 8250 driver. For example, the UART driver for Rockchip directly uses “snps,dw-apb-uart”, which corresponds to <span>Linux-4.9.88/drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_dw.c</span> driver. uart1: serial@ff190000 { compatible = "rockchip,rk3368-uart", "snps,dw-apb-uart"; reg = <0x0 0xff190000 0x0 0x100>; clock-frequency = <24000000>; clocks = <&cru SCLK_UART1>, <&cru … Read more
It is well known that the max operator (or min operator) is a core component of the Bellman equation, and its efficient solution runs through various reinforcement learning algorithms, including mainstream Actor-Critic algorithms such as PPO, TRPO, DDPG, DSAC, and DACER. Friends familiar with algorithm design may have a question: why is the max operator … Read more
Click the blue text Follow us STM32 SPI Communication High-speed full-duplex communication bus The SPI communication uses 3 lines and a chip select line. The 3 lines are SCK, MOSI, and MISO, and the chip select line is NSS (CS). The NSS signal line goes from high to low, which is the start signal for … Read more
1. Background Olympus Medical is a leader in the respiratory endoscopy market, holding a significant global market share in endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and flexible bronchoscopes. To expand the application of endoscopes in the respiratory market, fifteen years ago, in 2010, Olympus’s North American subsidiary, Olympus Corporation of the Americas, acquired all shares of Spiration, making … Read more
Author | Confused Zhen Produced by | Automotive Electronics and Software #01Introduction to the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Protocol SPI is a multi-master or master-slave, four-wire, full-duplex synchronous serial communication protocol, which means that data can be sent and received simultaneously.SPI was developed by Motorola as a protocol for synchronous serial communication, allowing full-duplex communication … Read more
Hello everyone, I am Goat.I2C signals are a very common type of signal. It is a two-wire serial bidirectional bus used to connect microcontrollers and external devices. Because it only requires two pins (CLK and DATA), the hardware implementation is simple and highly scalable, making it widely used for communication between multiple integrated circuits ICs … Read more
Click the blue textFollow me 1. The Battle of Chip Architectures The requirements for chips in industrial scenarios are extremely stringent: they must withstand extreme environments and handle complex data. Currently, mainstream chip architectures are divided into three major camps, each with its strengths: (1) ARM Architecture 1. Advantages ARM is known for its low … Read more